PHONOLOGY

PHONOLOGY

 

ARRANGED BY

NASMAWATI

20401110063

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TARBIYAH & TEACHING FACULTY ALAUDDIN

ALAUDDIN ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY

2010/2011

            THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

The articulators are :

1.      The pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx.

2.      The velum or soft palate is a muscular flap that can be raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx and shut off the nasal tract, preventing air from going out through the nose.

3.      The hard palate is often called the "roof of the mouth".

4.      The alveolar ridge is between the top front teeth and the hard palate.

5.      The tongue is  very important articulator and it has the greatest variety of movement. Shows  the tongue on a larger scale with these parts shown: tip, blade, front, back and root.

6.      The teeth, there are upper and lower teeth, but only the upper fronth teeth are used in English to some extent.

7.      The lips, there are lower and upper lips and they are very important in speech.

VOICED AND VOICELESS SOUNDS

What is Voiced?

Voiced sound is having vibration of the vocal cords during an articulation. In the other words, if the vocal cords are together, the air-stream forces it’s way through and causes them vibrate.

 This is easy to test by putting your finger on your throat. If you feel a vibration the consonant is voiced. Voiced consonants Sounds à b, d, g, v, z, ð, j, l, m, n, ŋ , r, w. Another test may help. Put a piece of paper in front of your mouth when saying the sounds- the paper will should move when saying the unvoiced sounds.

What is Voiceless?

Voiceless sound is pronounced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In the others words, If the vocal cords are apart, the air stream is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the parts of the vocal tract above the glottis.

Once again, you can test if a consonant is voiceless by putting your finger on your throat. You will feel no vibration in your throat, just a short explosion of air as you pronounce. Voiceless consonant Sounds  à p, t, k, f, s,  , ʃ, ʧ, h.

 PLACE OF ARTICULATION

A place of articulation is defined as both the active and passive articulators. To give a few examples of familiar sounds, the place of articulation for p  b is bilabial, for f  v labiodental, for θ ð dental, for t  d alveolar , for ʃ  post-alveolar, for k  velar, and for h glottal.

1.      Bilabial = two lips. Bilabial consonants are produced by creating a closure with both lips. /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/.. 

2.      Labiodental = lower lip and upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are produced by raising the lower lip to the upper teeth. /f/, /v/.

3.      Dental = tongue between the teeth. Made with the tongue tip or the blade of the tongue and upper front teeth. These sounds are the voiced  and the voiceless. / θ /, /ð /.

4.      Alveolar  = tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth. There are both fricatives and stops. /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/.

5.      Post-alveolar. Made with the tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge. / ∫/, /ӡ/, / t∫ /, /dӡ/, /r/.

6.      Palatal = the front or body of the tongue raised to the palatal region or the domed area at the roof of your mouth.  /j/.

7.      Velar = the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate ("velum"), the area right behind the palate. Made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. /k/, /g/, / ŋ/.

8.      Glottal = at the larynx (the glottis is the space between the vocal folds). Passing the breath bet. /h/.

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound.

1.      Oral Stops / Plosive

a.       Bilabial Plosive (/p/ and /b/)

b.      AlveolarPlosive (/t/ and /d/)

c.       Velar Plosive (/k/ and /g/)

2.      Nasal Stops

a)      Bilabial Nasal (/m/)

b)      Alveolar nasal (/n/)

c)      Velar nasal (/ŋ)/

3.      Fricative

a.     Labiodental Fricative (/f/ and /v/)

b.    Dental Fricative (/ð/ and /ϴ/)

c.     Alveolar Fricative (/s/ and /z/)

d.    Palato-alveolar Fricative (/ʃ/ and /ʒ/)

e.     Glottal Fricative (/h/)

4.      Affricates

a.       Palato-alveolar Affricative (/tʃ/ and /dʒ/)

5.      Lateral

a.       Palato-alveolar Lateral (/l/)

6.      Approximant

a.       Bilabial approximant (/w/)

b.      Palato-alveolar Approximant (/r/)

c.       Palatal Approximant (/j/)

VOWEL

A vowel is a sound where air coming from the lungs is not blocked by the mouth or throat. In other source, a vowel mean a type of sound for which there is no closure of the throat or mouth at any point where vocalization occurs.

In phonetic terms, each vowel has a number of properties that distinguish it from other vowels. These include the shape of the lips, which may be rounded (as for an u_ vowel), neutral (as for ə) or spread (as in a smile, for i). Secondly, the front, the middle or the back of the tongue may be raised, giving different vowel qualities. The tongue (and the lower jaw) may be raised close to the roof of the mouth, or the tongue may be left low in the mouth with the jaw comparatively open. Based on the classication of the English simple vowels above, the names of them are as follows:

/i:/        close front spread vowel

/i/         lower and centralized close front spread vowel

/e/        mid front spread vowel

/æ/       open front spread vowel

/u:/       close back rounded vowel

/u/        lower and centralized close back rounded vowel

/Ɔ:/      mid back rounded vowel

/Ɔ/       open back rounded vowel

/a:/       open spread vowel

/ᶚ/        mid central vowel

/Ə/       untressed mid central spread vowel

/^/        open central spread vowel

DIPHTHONG AND TRIPHTHONG

A.    DIPHTHONG  

The most important feature of a diphthong is that it contains a glide from one vowel quality to another one, or in other word diphthongs are made with the configuration of the mouth changes in the course of the articulation. There are three ending in i (ei, ai, ɔi), two ending in υ (əυ, aυ) and three ending in ə (iə, eυ, υə). The diphthong can be classified as follows;

1.         /ei/ ; diphthong beginning with half- close spread vowel, moving towards lowered and centralized close front spread vowel.

2.         /ai/ diphthong beginning with open front spread vowel, moving towards lowered and centralized close front spread vowel.

3.         /oi/ diphthong beginning with open half-open back rounded vowel, moving towards lowered and centralized close front spread vowel.

4.         /əu/ diphthong beginning with unstressed mid central vowel, moving towards lowered and centralized close back rounded vowel.

5.         /au/ diphthong beginning with open central spread vowel, moving towards lowered and centralized close back rounded vowel.

6.         /iə/ diphthong beginning with lowered and centralized close front spread vowel, moving towards unstressed mid central vowel.

7.         /eə/ diphthong beginning with half-close spread vowel, moving towards unstressed mid central vowel.

8.         /uə/ diphthong with lowered and centralized close back rounded vowel, moving towards unstressed mid central vowel.

B.       TRIPHTHONG

In phonetics, a triphthong is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement of the articulator from one vowel quality to another that passes over a third. In other word, A triphthong is a vowel glide with three distinguishable vowel qualities. While "pure" vowels, or monophthongs, are said to have one target articulator position, diphthongs have two, and triphthongs three.

In English there are said to be five triphthongs, formed by adding ə to the diphthongs ei, ai, ɔi, əυ, aυ, these triphthongs are eiə, aiə, ɔiə, aυə, əυə. Tripthong are found in the words : [aʊ̯ə] as in hour (compare with disyllabic "plougher" [aʊ̯.ə]), [aɪ̯ə] as in fire (compare with disyllabic "higher" [aɪ̯.ə]), [ɔɪ̯ə] as in "loir" (compare with final disyllabic sequence in  "employer" [ɔɪ̯.ə]).

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